Libyan Journal of Science &Technology

Studying and Simulating the Physical Solar Cell by Mathematical Modeling

2026-04-08T10:02:05+00:00

This research presents a general mathematical representation of a photoelectric collector, which
could be used in solar collector research and applications. This model has the benefit of being
based on the specifications for the photoelectric collector stated in the manufacturer's advisory.
The Simulink software was used to simulate the mathematical model of the solar cell. The prop
erties of the photodiode and characteristic curves were established using simulation. The results,
which could be used for various solar photovoltaic investigations were quite accurate with a
maximum error of less than 1%. The most essential characteristic of photovoltaic systems is that
a new plant can be designed, built, and operated quickly; static systems do not have moving
parts, so there is no noise. Due to the lack of moving parts, it can last for a long time and requires
minimal maintenance.

Tertiary stratigraphic correlation of the Al Watiyate Region, Al Jabal Al Akhdar (Cyrena ica, NE Libya): An integration from previous studies.

2026-04-08T10:13:29+00:00

This paper provides a lithostratigraphic correlation of the Middle Eocene to Upper Miocene rock
units of the Al Watiyate region of Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Cyrenaica, NE Libya. Data from this study
were derived from measured vertical stratigraphic logs in six main studied areas: Daryanah-Al
Abyar road cut, Wadi Al Kuf, Wadi Sidi Yossef, Wadi Al Juibiyah, Wadi Al Sukinyah, and Wadi Sidi
Mohamed. This study needed to concentrate on the intricate details of the Tertiary carbonate
rocks and how local structural or strato-structural disturbances may have shaped their spatial
variations. In this regard, the main aim of this work is to establish a local lithostratigraphic cor
relation among the investigated stratigraphic sections and to offer some insight into the com
plexity of the Middle Eocene–Upper Miocene sequence concerning the stratigraphic framework.
A method used for distinguishing rock units according to lithological characteristics is known as
lithostratigraphic correlation. Based on the lithostratigraphic correlation, the Middle Eocene car
bonate rock unit (Darnah Formation) is changed to Oligocene rock units (Al Bayda Formation)
laterally in a SW to NE direction in the study region. In the southwest, the Darnah and Al Bayda
formations disappear while the thickness of the Al Abraq Formation decreases. Furthermore the
Al Faidiyah, Benghazi, and Wadi Al Qattarah formations, which are representative of the Miocene
rock units, thickened more southwestward. The thickness variations are most likely related to
paleotopography, where the rate of deposition differs from NE (high relief area) to SW (low relief
area). The outcome of the northeastern uplift is due to tectonic movements. Regressive se
quences characterize the Middle Eocene to Upper Miocene, indicating a periodic fall in sea level
across geological time. The absence of Oligocene rock units in the Wadi Zazah and Wadi Belgares
areas suggests tectonic uplift during the Early Eocene to Middle Miocene time. However, in Wadi
Al Kuf, Wadi Azzad, and Wadi Al Backour, the terrain is gradually subsiding, and it appears that
the sea was transgressed to continue the accumulation of Oligocene-Miocene sediments on top
of the Eocene Formation.

Lithostratigraphic correlation, Middle Eocene-Up
per Miocene, paleotopography, Uplift, Al Watiyate
region, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, NE Libya.

The Extremal and Infra-Topological Spaces over a Finite Set-A Computational Approach with Maple.

2026-04-08T10:21:34+00:00

The main purpose of this paper is to create a suitable maple code to generate an extremal topol
ogy and to compute and list all extremal topologies over a finite set of size less than or equal to
5 points and calculate their number and the number of open sets in a generated extremal topol
ogy. The Codes were developed to check if these numbers are identical to the obtained formulas.
Moreover, maple procedures have been created to compute the infra-topological spaces and
their number over a finite set. Computations are carried out by using Maple 2022.

Length-weight relationships for four fish species from the coast of Benghazi, Libya1

2026-04-08T09:49:16+00:00

In this short paper, we estimated length-weight relationships for four fish species off Benghazi
(Oct-Dec 2023) using W = a Lb on log-transformed data and tested isometry at 0.05. Across 343
individuals, r2 ranged 0.30-0.91; b indicated isometry in L. mormyrus and M. cephalus, negative
allometry in P. forsskali, and an anomalously low value in S. scriba requiring verification. These
baseline support biomass conversion and regional stock assessments.

A Topological Space Defined On The Group Of Unites Modulo p.

2026-04-13T16:00:00+00:00

Highlights

A novel non-discrete topology is defined on the unit group using conjugate pairs as basic open sets, where every open set is also closed (clopen).
Highlights
- A novel non-discrete topology is defined on the unit group using conjugate pairs as basic open sets, where every open set is also closed (clopen).
- The function mapping to is continuous, open, and closed, establishing a strong topological link between the unit group and quadratic residues.
- The quotient space , under the equivalence , is homeomorphic to the discrete space of quadratic residues .
- The topology is disconnected and fails the separation axiom, whereas the discrete topology on satisfies stronger separation properties such as .
Key topological operators (interior, closure, boundary, limit points) are explicitly characterized for arbitrary subsets of , revealing how structure depends on conjugate-pair symmetryfunction mapping to is continuous, open, and closed, establishing a strong topological link between the unit group and quadratic residues.
The quotient space , under the equivalence , is homeomorphic to the discrete space of quadratic residues .
The topology is disconnected and fails the separation axiom, whereas the discrete topology on satisfies stronger separation properties such as .

Key topological operators (interior, closure, boundary, limit points) are explicitly characterized for arbitrary subsets of , revealing how structure depends on conjugate-pair symmetry

This paper introduces a finite topological space on the group of units modulo a prime , defined by its basis of conjugate residue pairs for all units . We investigate the fundamental topological concepts such as point-set topology, separation axioms, and characterise the structure and behaviour of this topology. Additionally, we examine a function from to the topology of quadratic residues , mapping each unit to its square modulo . We analyse the continuity, openness of , and explore its implications for separation properties. Furthermore, we define a quotient topology on based on the equivalence relation if and only if, showing that the resulting quotient space is homeomorphic to .

Assessing the effects of Queuing Algorithms and Routing Protocols on Quality of Service for Video Traffic over IPv4 and IPv6 networks.1

2026-04-08T11:11:54+00:00

This paper investigates the impact of two widely used routing protocols—Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)—and two queueing tech
niques—Priority Queuing (PQ) and Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)—on the Quality of Service
(QoS) of video conferencing traffic in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. Through extensive simula
tions, we evaluate the performance of each queueing method in combination with each routing
protocol under conditions of heavy traffic and moderately large network topologies. The analysis
focuses on key QoS parameters, including throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delay variation,
packet loss, and point-to-point delay. The objective is to identify the optimal pairing of routing
protocol and queueing mechanism that yields the best QoS performance for video traffic in
TCP/IP environments. Furthermore, the scalability of the results is assessed by replicating the
scenarios in IPv6 networks. All simulations were conducted using OPNET Modeler 14.5A, provid
ing a comprehensive evaluation of the interactions between routing protocols and queueing dis
ciplines across diverse network conditions.

A Multi-Modal Approach to Emotion-Aware Automatic Speech Recognition Using Dy namic Emotion Trajectories and Global Style Tokens.

2026-04-08T11:22:13+00:00

This paper presents a novel approach to emotion-aware Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) by
integrating emotion detection and dynamic emotion trajectory modelling. Our system combines
acoustic features and physiological signals to achieve more accurate and contextually aware
emotion recognition. The use of Global Style Tokens (GSTs) enhances the system's ability to de
tect nuanced emotional transitions in speech, outperforming existing state-of-the-art models.
We evaluate the system using the IEMOCAP and RAVDESS datasets, achieving emotion classifi
cation accuracies of 88.1% and 85.6%, respectively. The system also achieves an F1-score of 0.87
on IEMOCAP and 0.85 on RAVDESS, with Area Under the Curve (AUC) scores of 0.90 and 0.88,
and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) values of 0.13 and 0.14. Additionally, we propose future
enhancements, including expanding multimodal inputs, improving real-time scalability, han
dling mixed emotions, and adapting the model for cross-lingual and low-power environments.
Our findings contribute to the development of emotionally intelligent ASR systems capable of
improving human-computer interactions in various applications.

Preparation of Nutritious Ready-to-Drink Fruit and Vegetable Juice for Pregnant Women (4-6 months).

2026-04-08T14:49:27+00:00

Many pregnant women suffer from disorders during the primary period of preg
nancy, which strongly influence the health of mothers and their embryos. This research
aimed to prepare and estimate the chemical components of healthy and nutritious
ready-to-drink juice prepared from fresh and dried fruits and vegetables known for
their health benefits for pregnant women, such as avocado, banana, strawberry, raisins,
dried figs, mint, green arugula and other natural ingredients. Three juice formulas were
prepared with different natural ingredients, and the chemical composition was esti
mated in terms of proximate analysis, quality characteristics, mineral content and en
ergy content. Importantly, the percentage of carbohydrates in the samples ranged be
tween 4.34 ±0.010 and 11.89±0.010. The results of the quality analysis indicated that
the juice samples were characterized by moderate acidity (1.05±0.020, 4.34±0.00) and
that the total soluble solids were within the limits stipulated for natural juices
(12.50±0.200, 16.50±0.200). The energy content results demonstrated the high energy
content of the formulas, which ranged between 58.84±0.14 and 101±0.26 kcal/100 ml.
Mineral analysis revealed that the juice samples were rich in iron, zinc and copper, with
values of 50.92±0.0, 5.21±0.428, and 2.21±0.013, respectively. This study confirmed
that juice formulas provide a high energy content; important minerals such as iron and
zinc; and an excellent percentage of fluids.
The study recommended including this type
of juice in pregnant women’s diets.

A Two-Tier GDSF–GDS Caching Framework for High-Performance Content Delivery Networks.

2026-04-08T15:00:15+00:00

This paper presents a two-tier caching mechanism for content delivery networks (CDNs) that
employs Greedy Dual Size Frequency (GDSF) in RAM and Greedy Dual Size (GDS) in SSDs. The
proposed hybrid GDSF–GDS strategy is evaluated against widely used baseline policies, including
LRU, LFU, and single-tier GDS-based caching. The design separates small, high-frequency objects
in RAM from larger, low-frequency objects in SSDs to balance freshness, cost, and performance.
Cost is modeled in terms of storage-tier utilization and object size awareness, capturing the
trade-off between limited RAM resources and SSD capacity. Simulation experiments using
100,000 Zipf-distributed requests (α = 1.8) demonstrate a significant improvement in cache hit
ratio compared to LRU, along with a substantial reduction in origin server fetches and lower
access latency. A dynamic Time-to-Live (TTL) policy further maintains content freshness. Over
all, the results indicate that the proposed two-tier GDSF–GDS approach improves efficiency and
reduces latency in CDN environments.

Upper Paleocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction using Coccolithus pelagicus and δ¹³C stratigraphy from the Al-Uwayliah Formation, northeastern Libya.1

2026-04-08T15:09:08+00:00

Marine chalk rocks in the north-east of Libya are an archive of sea conditions that evolved after
the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods in the southern part of Tethys. In
the Al-Uwayliyah Formation of the Jabal Akhdar region, Coccolithus pelagicus, which reflects
paleoenvironmental conditions, is found within the upper Paleocene chalky limestones. In a re
markably well preserved stratigraphic sequence, primarily Paleocene rocks are found, providing
good opportunities for late Paleocene marine environments to be precisely reconstructed.
Paleoenvironmental interpretation integrates four data sources: mineral composition, micro
scopic texture, nannofossil assemblages, and carbon isotope (δ¹³C) ratios. Before the Paleocene
Eocene Thermal Maximum, conditions in surface waters and carbon cycling were assessed using
this data. The main composition of the dominant chalk-wackestone facies is of pelagic carbonate
ooze, rich in planktonic foraminifers and nannoplankton. From mid to outer shelf depths, sedi
ments built up in quiet, wide areas of the seafloor - no strong currents involved. Because rivers
did not reach far out, land-derived particles stayed scarce here. Calm conditions meant organ
isms mixed nutrients efficiently, leaving behind minimal biological waste. Freshwater runoff
brought some silt now and then yet overall supply stayed low. Over time, gentle flows delivered
tiny particles that settled slowly beneath the surface layer.
Out at the edge of the Paleogene, surface waters likely stayed chilly thanks to a swarm dominated
by Coccolithus pelagicus. Nutrients seemed decent, circulation smooth, temperatures within
range for cool zones. Near the close of the Paleocene, a slight bump in carbon isotope values
appeared - then softened until just before the Eocene takeover. That rise, then fade, lines up well
with earlier carbon trends during the PETM era, though one big detail is missing: any dip in iso
topic signal.

Towards Building a General Guideline Approach to Facilitate the Process of Measuring Software Usability.

2026-04-08T15:17:42+00:00

Usability and the extent of customers’ satisfaction with the applications that accomplish their
work are important factors in facilitating their work procedures. For this reason, many criteria
have been revealed that deal with the mechanism of usability. In addition to the attempts of
many researchers to provide ways and methods to address and measure this feature, this was,
in a way, generic or abstract, which causes many developers to neglect usability and not ad
dress it primarily in the development stage.
In this paper, we present a unified framework that addresses the elements of usability in a de
tailed and organized manner, supported by a clear measurement method that includes a num
ber of mathematical equations and guiding questions that facilitate this process for developers.
A case study was presented as an applied example of the proposed framework, as it was clear
from the target audience how simple it is to utilize this framework. Therefore, this framework
can be considered as a supportive point to encourage developers to focus on usability more.

Clinical Profile and Surgical Outcomes of Hirschsprung's Disease in Benghazi: A Retro spective Study (2019-2024).

2026-04-08T15:27:06+00:00

Hirschsprung’s disease (HSD) is a congenital disorder of the enteric nervous system (ENS) due
to defective migration of neural crest cells, resulting in a segment of the colon without ganglion
cells which leads to functional obstruction of the intestines. The disease affects 1 in 5,000 live
births, with males being more commonly affected. Surgical resection is often required for man
agement, although 30-50% of patients may experience persistent symptoms. This study aims to
evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, extent of aganglionosis, and surgical out
comes of pediatric Hirschsprung’s disease at Benghazi Children’s Hospital (2019–2024), with
particular focus on gender differences and complications such as Hirschsprung-associated en
terocolitis. A retrospective study was carried out by reviewing the medical records of 116 pa
tients who were diagnosed with Hirschsprung disease and came for follow-up to receive the de
signed treatment in the Pediatric Surgery Department at Benghazi Children’s Hospital between
2019-2024. Of the 116 patients, 88 were males, and 28 were females, with a predominant age of
1-5 years old. Most of the patients had short-segment disease (75%) and were diagnosed with
rectal biopsy (93%). Colostomy was performed as a temporary measure in most of the cases
(72%), with reported complications of enterocolitis in 56%. This 5 years study suggests a higher
incidence of HSD in Benghazi and the importance of increasing public awareness of the symp
toms can promote early medical visits and early diagnosis in the neonatal period which may re
duce the complexity of the disease and the need for multiple surgeries